Software-Defined Radio Handbook

Whitepaper

March 19, 2019

SDR (Software-Defined Radio) has revolutionized electronic systems for a variety of applications including communications, data acquisition and signal processing.

In order to fully appreciate the benefits of Software Defined Radio, conventional analog receiver and transmitter systems will be compared to their digital counterparts, highlighting similarities and differences.

The inner workings of the Software Defined Radio will be explored with an in-depth description of the internal structure and the devices used. Finally, some actual board- and system-level implementations and available off-the-shelf SDR products and applications based on such products will be presented.

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Featured Companies

Pentek, now part of Mercury

1 Park Way
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Website

sales@pentek.com

201-818-5900

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Messages Timeline Exceptions Views38 Route Queries53 Models229 Gate Session Request

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12	`__currentLoopData`
13	`category`
14	`loop`
15	`category_subfooter_articles`
16	`top_footer_article`
17	`category_footer_article`

theme::article.card (resources/views/themes/_base/article/card.blade.php)18bladefile


__env
app
errors
displayed_articles
page_title
article
lead
aliId
temp_publish_date
subfooterCategories
categoryBuilder
categories
__currentLoopData
category
loop
category_subfooter_articles
top_footer_article
category_footer_article

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`displayed_articles`
4	`page_title`
5	`article`
6	`lead`
7	`aliId`
8	`temp_publish_date`
9	`subfooterCategories`
10	`categoryBuilder`
11	`categories`
12	`__currentLoopData`
13	`category`
14	`loop`
15	`category_subfooter_articles`
16	`top_footer_article`
17	`category_footer_article`

theme::article.components.article-type-tag (resources/views/themes/_base/article/components/article-type-tag.blade.php)18bladefile


__env
app
errors
displayed_articles
page_title
article
lead
aliId
temp_publish_date
subfooterCategories
categoryBuilder
categories
__currentLoopData
category
loop
category_subfooter_articles
top_footer_article
category_footer_article

theme::layouts.components.footer (resources/views/themes/_base/layouts/components/footer.blade.php)10bladefile
Params
0
__env
1
app
2
errors
3
displayed_articles
4
page_title
5
article
6
lead
7
aliId
8
temp_publish_date
9
socialMedia

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`displayed_articles`
4	`page_title`
5	`article`
6	`lead`
7	`aliId`
8	`temp_publish_date`
9	`subfooterCategories`
10	`categoryBuilder`
11	`categories`
12	`__currentLoopData`
13	`category`
14	`loop`
15	`category_subfooter_articles`
16	`top_footer_article`
17	`category_footer_article`

Params
0	`__env`
1	`app`
2	`errors`
3	`displayed_articles`
4	`page_title`
5	`article`
6	`lead`
7	`aliId`
8	`temp_publish_date`
9	`socialMedia`

uri: GET comms/{uri_path?}
middleware: web
controller: App\Http\Controllers\Frontend\ArticleController@viewArticleByShortname
namespace: App\Http\Controllers
prefix
where
file: app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/ArticleController.php:35-49

53 statements were executed, 13 of which were duplicated, 40 unique. Show only duplicated1.84s

select * from `articles` where `shortname` = 'software-defined-radio-handbook-2' and `publish_at` < '2025-04-01 10:17:00' limit 1

108ms/app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/ArticleController.php:42mes

Metadata
Bindings	0. software-defined-radio-handbook-2 1. 2025-04-01 10:17:00
Backtrace	16. /app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/ArticleController.php:42 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:259 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205

select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (39)

4.01ms/app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/ArticleController.php:42mes

Metadata
Backtrace	21. /app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/ArticleController.php:42 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:259 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205

select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (6)

3.54ms/app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/ArticleController.php:42mes

Metadata
Backtrace	26. /app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/ArticleController.php:42 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:259 30. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205

select * from `article_types` where `article_types`.`id` in (7)

5.77ms/app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/ArticleController.php:42mes

Metadata
Backtrace	21. /app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/ArticleController.php:42 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:259 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205

select * from `article_attachments` where `article_attachments`.`article_id` = 6424 and `article_attachments`.`article_id` is not null

20.06ms/app/Models/Article.php:262mes

Metadata
Bindings	0. 6424
Backtrace	19. /app/Models/Article.php:262 25. view::theme::article.components.primary-image:2 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70

select `companies`.*, `articles_companies`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_companies`.`company_id` as `pivot_company_id` from `companies` inner join `articles_companies` on `companies`.`id` = `articles_companies`.`company_id` where `articles_companies`.`article_id` = 6424

11.99msview::theme::article.components.companies:1mes

Metadata
Bindings	0. 6424
Backtrace	19. view::theme::article.components.companies:1 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:195

select * from `articles` where `status` = 'publish' and `visibility` <> 'hidden' and `article_type_id` <> '8' and `publish_at` <= '2025-04-01 10:17:01' and `primary_image` is not null and `primary_image` <> '' and `primary_image` <> '0' order by `publish_at` desc limit 30

206ms/app/Models/Article.php:375mes

Metadata
Bindings	0. publish 1. hidden 2. 8 3. 2025-04-01 10:17:01 4. 5. 0
Backtrace	14. /app/Models/Article.php:375 15. view::theme::layouts.components.sidebar:8 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70

select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (7, 13, 15, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 44, 47, 1000, 1001)

2.5ms/app/Models/Article.php:375mes

Metadata
Backtrace	19. /app/Models/Article.php:375 20. view::theme::layouts.components.sidebar:8 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70

select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (1, 2, 3, 4, 6)

3.05ms/app/Models/Article.php:375mes

Metadata
Backtrace	24. /app/Models/Article.php:375 25. view::theme::layouts.components.sidebar:8 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70

select * from `article_types` where `article_types`.`id` in (2, 3, 4, 5)

2.85ms/app/Models/Article.php:375mes

Metadata
Backtrace	19. /app/Models/Article.php:375 20. view::theme::layouts.components.sidebar:8 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70

select `id`, `name`, `shortname` from `categories` where `parent_id` is null and `id` not in (999, 100) and exists (select * from `articles` where `categories`.`id` = `articles`.`primary_category` and `publish_at` < '2025-04-01 10:17:01' and `primary_image` is not null and (`primary_image` is not null and `primary_image` not in ('', '0')))

229ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:38mes

Metadata
Bindings	0. 999 1. 100 2. 2025-04-01 10:17:01 3. 4. 0
Backtrace	14. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:38 15. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `categories` where `categories`.`parent_id` in (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) order by `shortname` asc

4.33ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:38mes

Metadata
Backtrace	19. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:38 20. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `articles` where `primary_image` is not null and (`primary_image` is not null and `primary_image` not in ('', '0')) and `primary_category` in (3, 1005, 23, 26, 25, 21, 20, 24, 22) limit 5

18.39ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
Bindings	0. 1. 0 2. 3 3. 1005 4. 23 5. 26 6. 25 7. 21 8. 20 9. 24 10. 22
Backtrace	14. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63 15. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (20, 23)

5.11ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
Backtrace	19. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63 20. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (3)

6.75ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
Backtrace	24. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63 25. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 30. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `article_types` where `article_types`.`id` in (2)

6.59ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
Backtrace	19. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63 20. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `articles` where `primary_image` is not null and (`primary_image` is not null and `primary_image` not in ('', '0')) and `primary_category` in (4, 32, 31, 30, 29, 27) limit 5

34.52ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
Bindings	0. 1. 0 2. 4 3. 32 4. 31 5. 30 6. 29 7. 27
Backtrace	14. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63 15. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (30, 32)

3.5ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
Backtrace	19. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63 20. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (4)

2.05ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
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select * from `article_types` where `article_types`.`id` in (2, 3)

3.93ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
Backtrace	19. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63 20. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `articles` where `primary_image` is not null and (`primary_image` is not null and `primary_image` not in ('', '0')) and `primary_category` in (5, 37, 36, 35) limit 5

10.36ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
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select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (36, 37)

3.19ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
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select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (5)

2.85ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
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select * from `article_types` where `article_types`.`id` in (2)

2.78ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
Backtrace	19. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63 20. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `articles` where `primary_image` is not null and (`primary_image` is not null and `primary_image` not in ('', '0')) and `primary_category` in (6, 45, 44, 46, 1008, 1006, 40, 43, 47, 39, 41, 42, 1007) limit 5

6.22ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
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select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (43, 44, 46)

6.21ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
Backtrace	19. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63 20. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (6)

3.52ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
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select * from `article_types` where `article_types`.`id` in (2)

6.88ms/app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63mes

Metadata
Backtrace	19. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:63 20. /app/View/Composers/SubfooterComposer.php:19 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177

select * from `categories` where `parent_id` is null and `id` not in (999, 100, 1061)

7.34msview::theme::layouts.components.category_subfooter:6mes

Metadata
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select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 2 limit 1

3.17ms/app/Models/Category.php:142mes

Metadata
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select * from `categories` where `categories`.`parent_id` = 2 and `categories`.`parent_id` is not null order by `shortname` asc

4.66ms/app/Models/Category.php:148mes

Metadata
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select `articles`.* from `articles` where `publish_at` < '2025-04-01 10:17:02' and `primary_image` is not null and `primary_image` != '0' and `primary_image` != '' and `article_type_id` <> '8' and (`primary_category` = 2 or `primary_category` = 14 or `primary_category` = 17 or `primary_category` = 18 or `primary_category` = 13 or `primary_category` = 1004 or `primary_category` = 15 or `primary_category` = 16 or `primary_category` = 19) and `article_type_id` <> '8' order by `publish_at` desc limit 5

160msview::theme::layouts.components.category_subfooter:19mes

Metadata
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select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (13, 15, 19)

6.01msview::theme::layouts.components.category_subfooter:19mes

Metadata
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select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` in (2)

3.64msview::theme::layouts.components.category_subfooter:19mes

Metadata
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select * from `article_types` where `article_types`.`id` in (2, 3, 4)

2.14msview::theme::layouts.components.category_subfooter:19mes

Metadata
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select * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 4 limit 1

1.48ms/app/Models/Category.php:142mes

Metadata
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select * from `categories` where `categories`.`parent_id` = 4 and `categories`.`parent_id` is not null order by `shortname` asc

4.99ms/app/Models/Category.php:148mes

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